Trolley Dilemma Kill One Person to Save Five

Philosophers love to conduct thought experiments. Often these involve rather bizarre situations, and critics wonder how relevant these thought experiments are to the real world. But the point of the experiments is to help us clarify our thinking by pushing it to the limits.  The â€Å"trolley dilemma† is one of the most famous of these philosophical imaginings. The Basic Trolley Problem A version of this moral dilemma was first put forward in 1967 by the British moral philosopher Phillipa Foot, well-known as one of those responsible for reviving virtue ethics. Here’s the basic dilemma: A tram is running down a track and is out control. If it continues on its course unchecked and undiverted, it will run over five people who have been tied to the tracks. You have the chance to divert it onto another track simply by pulling a lever.  If you do this, though, the tram will kill a man who happens to be standing on this other track. What should you do? The Utilitarian Response For many utilitarians, the problem is a no-brainer. Our duty is to promote the greatest happiness of the greatest number.  Five lives saved is better than one life saved.  Therefore, the right thing to do is to pull the lever. Utilitarianism is a form of consequentialism.  It judges actions by their consequences. But there are many who think that we have to consider other aspects of action as well. In the case of the trolley dilemma, many are troubled by the fact that if they pull the lever they will be actively engaged in causing the death of an innocent person. According to our normal moral intuitions, this is wrong, and we should pay some heed to our normal moral intuitions. So-called â€Å"rule utilitarians† may well agree with this point of view.  They hold that we should not judge every action by its consequences. Instead, we should establish a set of moral rules to follow according to which rules will promote the greatest happiness of the greatest number in the long term.  And then we should follow those rules, even if in specific cases doing so may not produce the best consequences. But so-called â€Å"act utilitarians† judge each act by its consequences; so they will simply do the math and pull the lever. Moreover, they will argue that there is no significant difference between causing a death by pulling the lever and not preventing a death by refusing to pull the lever.  One is equally responsible for the consequences in either case. Those who think that it would be right to divert the tram often appeal to what philosophers call the doctrine of double effect. Simply put, this doctrine states that it is morally acceptable to do something that causes a serious harm in the course of promoting some greater good if the harm in question is not an intended consequence of the action but is, rather, an unintended side-effect. The fact that the harm caused is predictable doesn’t matter.  What matters is whether or not the agent intends it. The doctrine of double effect plays an important role in just war theory. It has often been used to justify certain military actions which cause â€Å"collateral damage.† An example of such an action would be the bombing of an ammunition dump that not only destroys the military target but also causes a number of civilian deaths. Studies show that the majority of people today, at least in modern Western societies, say that they would pull the lever.  However, they respond differently when the situation is tweaked. The Fat Man on the Bridge Variation The situation is the same as before: a runaway tram threatens to kill five people. A very heavy man is sitting on a wall on a bridge spanning the track. You can stop the train by pushing him off the bridge onto the track in front of the train. He will die, but the five will be saved. (You can’t opt to jump in front of the tram yourself since you aren’t big enough to stop it.) From a simple utilitarian point of view, the dilemma is the same — do you sacrifice one life to save five? — and the answer is the same: yes. Interestingly, however, many people who would pull the lever in the first scenario would not push the man in this second scenario. This raises two questions: The Moral Question: If Pulling the Lever Is Right, Why Would Pushing the Man Be Wrong? One argument for treating the cases differently is to say that the doctrine of double effect no longer applies if one pushes the man off the bridge. His death is no longer an unfortunate side-effect of your decision to divert the tram; his death is the very means by which the tram is stopped.  So you can hardly say in this case that when you pushed him off the bridge you weren’t intending to cause his death. A closely related argument is based on a moral principle made famous by the great German philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724-1804). According to Kant, we should always treat people as ends in themselves, never merely as a means to our own ends. This is commonly known, reasonably enough, as the â€Å"ends principle.† It is fairly obvious that if you push the man off the bridge to stop the tram, you are using him purely as a means. To treat him as the end would be to respect the fact that he is a free, rational being, to explain the situation to him, and suggest that he sacrifice himself to save the lives of those tied to the track. Of course, there is no guarantee that he would be persuaded.  And before the discussion had got very far the tram would have probably already passed under the bridge! The Psychological Question: Why Will People Pull the Lever but Not Push the Man? Psychologists are concerned not with establishing what is right or wrong but with understanding why people are so much more reluctant to push a man to his death than to cause his death by pulling a lever. The Yale psychologist Paul Bloom suggests that the reason lies in the fact that our causing the man’s death by actually touching him arouses in us a much stronger emotional response. In every culture, there is some sort of taboo against murder.  An unwillingness to kill an innocent person with our own hands is deeply ingrained in most people. This conclusion seems to be supported by people’s response to another variation on the basic dilemma. The Fat Man Standing on the Trapdoor Variation   Here the situation is the same as before, but instead of sitting on a wall the fat man is standing on a trapdoor built into the bridge. Once again you can now stop the train and save five lives by simply pulling a lever. But in this case, pulling the lever will not divert the train.  Instead, it will open the trapdoor, causing the man to fall through it and onto the track in front of the train. Generally speaking, people are not as ready to pull this lever as they are to pull the lever that diverts the train.  But significantly more people are willing to stop the train in this way than are prepared to push the man off the bridge.   The Fat Villain on the Bridge Variation Suppose now that the man on the bridge is the very same man who has tied the five innocent people to the track. Would you be willing to push this person to his death to save the five? A majority say they would, and this course of action seems fairly easy to justify.  Given that he is willfully trying to cause innocent people to die, his own death strikes many people as thoroughly deserved. The situation is more complicated, though, if the man is simply someone who has done other bad actions. Suppose in the past he has committed murder or rape and that he hasn’t paid any penalty for these crimes. Does that justify violating Kant’s ends principle and using him as a mere means?   The Close Relative on the Track Variation Here is one last variation to consider.  Go back to the original scenario–you can pull a lever to divert the train so that five lives are saved and one person is killed–but this time the one person who will be killed is your mother or your brother. What would you do in this case? And what would be the right thing to do? A strict utilitarian may have to bite the bullet here and be willing to cause the death of their nearest and dearest. After all, one of the basic principles of utilitarianism is that everyone’s happiness counts equally. As Jeremy Bentham, one of the founders of modern utilitarianism put it: Everyone counts for one; no-one for more than one. So sorry mom!   But this is most definitely not what most people would do.  The majority may lament the deaths of the five innocents, but they cannot bring themselves to bring about the death of a loved one in order to save the lives of strangers. That is most understandable from a psychological point of view. Humans are primed both in the course of evolution and through their upbringing to care most for those around them.  But is it morally legitimate to show a preference for one’s own family? This is where many people feel that strict utilitarianism is unreasonable and unrealistic.  Not only will we tend to naturally favor our own family over strangers, but many think that we ought to. For loyalty is a virtue, and loyalty to one’s family is about as basic a form of loyalty as there is. So in many people’s eyes, to sacrifice family for strangers goes against both our natural instincts and our most fundamental moral intuitions.

The Legacy Of The Civil War Essay - 1488 Words

The Civil War was one of the most bloody and divisive conflicts in United States’ history. While the conflict may have spanned over four years, its origins date back to the birth of the nation. The fracturing of the early political system on the basis of location, party, economic visions were the beginning of fundamental differences between the states. As the political, social, and economic patterns developed throughout the nation, the regional and ideological differences only deepened, leading to the inevitable division of the Union and its populace. One of the primary long term causes for the Civil War was the nation’s early economic division. Specifically, those of the Hamiltonian and Jeffersonian models of development. Alexander Hamilton believed in the development of a powerful state, especially in relation to manufacturing goods as a means of sustaining the economy and promoting global trade. In the creation of an industrialized nation, Hamilton hoped to encourage independence from other nations. (Lecture, 10/17/16) This economic model and its subsidization were the foundation for the popular Northern ideal of the United States becoming a world power. While this economic vision became extremely successful in the Northeast, it failed to gain traction in the South. The South, adhering to the Jeffersonian vision, felt that widespread industrialization and the involvement in global economies lead to moral corruption and infringement on the individual’s right toShow MoreRelatedThe Legacy Of The Civil War1556 Words   |  7 Pagesthan providing all the information in words, adding visual effects were a relief to the eyes. Both the American Christianity and the legacy of the Civil War led to the development of modern republican government. The federal government declared the Civil War. They waged it both in effort to end slavery and in hopes of reuniting the split nation. Following the Civil War, the central government withdrew again - the South, in turmoil and confusion, threatened to break up into riotous anarchy and the federalRead MoreThe Legacy Of The Civil War1827 Words   |  8 Pagesto preserve its institution eventually brought our country into a period of bloodshed. The obvious answer is that the war brought along freedom of around four million people in which altered the lives of Americans, however there is a great deal more to be said about the legacy of the Civil War. Even now, the war creates a lasting shadow that continues to impact America. The war transformed the political, social, and economic scene, and led to advancements in technology and health-care that createdRead MoreThe Leg acy Of The Civil War Essay1471 Words   |  6 Pages The year is 1865, Lincoln is dead, and through some convoluted, insane process I am now the President. God help us all. I am faced with the challenge of uniting a fractured nation, war-torn, weary, and directionless. For all the guff Lincoln gave about preserving the union, he did a terrible job. Yes, we are physically one nation, but dominion under continual threat of violence is precisely what our forefathers fought against in the Revolution. If I had been president, this would never have beenRead MoreThe Legacy Of The Civil War2375 Words   |  10 PagesAfter the following victory of the Northern Unionist over the Confederate forces in the Civil War, the current president of USA Abraham Lincoln had followed through with his Emancipation Proclamation this time of period was soon to be known as the Reconstruction era. Through these actions of Abraham Lincoln this had resulted in the passing of amendments to the constitution in which where 13th,14th, 15th these amendments had given African Americans the one thing they had been long aching for and workedRead MoreThe Legacy Of The Civil War2131 Words   |  9 PagesThe Civil War left the entire nation in disarray. Over six hundred thousand soldiers were dead, reconstruction was to be started, and the nation was further divided. During this time, Abraham Lincoln was the President of the United States and he was going to make the Union whole once again. His plans were cut sho rt however, by the tragic and sudden assassination at Ford’s Theatre in 1865. Abraham Lincoln was the most influential leader in United States history; his death impacted millions of peopleRead MoreThe Legacy Of The Civil War1508 Words   |  7 Pagesmore than 620,000 Union and Confederate soldiers were massacred. In only four years America annihilated the number of American soldiers killed in all other wars combined. America experienced her first full scale house division. The people were in such confusion, Reconstruction Acts had to be used to bring the country back together. Civil War introduced a split country, breaks of states from the union, the South denying rights to emancipated slaves, improving the lifestyle for African Americans, deathRead MoreThe Legacy Of The Civil War907 Words   |  4 PagesThe Civil War was one of the most controversial periods in American history. As a result of the controversy, there have been many theories that explain the cause of the wa r. Most theories state the causes of this conflict arose from geographic, economic, political, and even social differences. Tensions over slavery had been building for decades, and every time a new state in the West was added, there was an extremely tense debate over whether or not slavery would be permitted in the new state. AmericansRead MoreThe Legacy Of The Civil War Essay1593 Words   |  7 PagesLloyd Garrison describes few of many changes that occurred after the Civil War, including the abolishment of slavery and the African American being granted for the first time in history the right to vote. As the civil war came to an end, the United States began to establish an undivided nation. This era known as the reconstruction era is described as â€Å"meaning literally the rebuilding of a shattered nation. (verterans of the civil movment, n.d.) Reconstruction’s main goal was to reintroduce the SouthRead MoreThe Legacy Of The Civil War1422 Words   |  6 Pages​The devastating years of the Civil War finally came to an end. African Americans becoming enslaved and having freedom was a huge development during reconstruction. Freedom had important changes in African American lives, education and religious practices. Due to Abraham Lincoln emancipation of slavery, freedom became a reality for many slaves. The republicans had a great impact on the reconstruction of the Civil War by creating Freedmen’s Bureau, passing the fourteen and fifteenth amendment andRead MoreThe Legacy Of The Civil War1755 Words   |  8 PagesTimes of war often debut new technology that shapes the future. Seeing as how the Civil War was known as the first modern war, it is appropriate to say that much new technological advancement was made. Behind every piece of new technology or idea, there is a person or team that dedicated their time to the development. When it comes to the Civil War aeronautics and much other future advancement, Thaddeus S. C. Lowe is the man be hind it. Lowe was an integral part in the success of the aeronautics division

Leadership in People Management in Hospitality and Tourism Free Essays

We should ask ourselves a question, Are leaders born or made? The answer to this question is, we can only be born with certain qualities which make us good leaders instinctively but true leaders are the ones who develop their skill. Having good leadership skills to lead a good team of hospitality professionals is absolutely necessary and quite a daunting task. A hospitality team leader has have a good sense of judgement and direction and he has to be an inspiration to his team to make their true capabilities prosper. We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership in People Management in Hospitality and Tourism or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are certain guidelines which are followed by successful hospitality team leaders: 1. Test the waters: a team leader has to find out what people think about your style of management. Getting a good feedback from the hospitality team is essential in an open environment. 2. Good Listening: The team will have certain grievances and it is the duty of a good hospitality team leader to understand and try to solve those issues. 3. Effective Communication: in order to develop into a good leader a hospitality professional has to be able to be a great listener. . Be a people’s person: a hospitality team leader should be able to understand what are the capabilities of his team. 5. Be a role model: your team should be able to invest faith in you that you will do what you say. 6. Involvement of team: A hospitality team leader becomes a good team leader only when he involves his team in the decision making process. 7. Success evaluation should be on the basis of your team: in hospitality, it is very important for the team leader to know the strengths and weaknesses of his team. How to cite Leadership in People Management in Hospitality and Tourism, Essays

In the play Macbeth by William Shakespeare, Lady M Essay Example For Students

In the play Macbeth by William Shakespeare, Lady M Essay acbeth unconsciously uses Macbeth and others as a shield for guilt. When she wants something but doesnt have the guts to perform the task herself, she calls upon anyone but herself to do it. She thinks that this will erase her conscience of any guilt it has on it, but the shield is faulty.The first and most obvious of all places where this shield is placed is in the first two acts where Lady Macbeth is trying to convince her husband to kill King Duncan and become King of Scotland. She persuades by attacking Macbeths manliness,Was the hope drunkWherein you dressed yourself? Hath it slept since?And wakes it now, to look so green and paleAt what it did so freely? From this timeSuch I account thy love. Art thou afeardTo be the same in thine own act and valorAs thou art in desire? Wouldst thou have thatWhich thou esteemst the ornament of lifeAnd live a coward in thine own esteem,Letting I dare not wait upon I would,Like the poor cat I th adage?(I, vii, 39-49)By doing this, she manages to get Macbeth to kill King Duncan, however, in the end, she knows she is just as guilty as he is. Her guilt emerges in her visions of blood remaining on her hands,The Thane of Fife had a wife. Where isshe now? What, will these hands neer be clean? Nomore o that, my lord, no more o that. You mar allwith this starting. (V, I, 44-47)Another less obvious place where Lady Macbeth uses others to shield her guilt is when Banquo is murdered. Both MacBeth and Lady MacBeth discuss their fear of Banquo knowing too much, and Lady MacBeth resolves to do nothing and leaves the chore up to her husband. After finding out about it, Lady MacBeth tells herself it wasnt her fault, but deep inside she knows it is just as much her as it is MacBeth who killed Banquo,Wash your hands. Put on your night-gown. Look not so pale. I tell you yet again, Ban-quos buried; he cannot come out on s grave.(V, I, 65-68)These examples show how Lady MacBeth used her husband to shield away the guilt. What she didnt expect was that it wouldnt work, and the blow of the guilt from murdering so many people strictly for power was too much for her weak shield. Emotionally she suffered and it drove her to talking her own life. She ineffectively tried to block off what was destined to come her way.

Psychology of Violence Essays - Philosophy, Ethics, Crime, Religion

Psychology of Violence By Student Id# CPSY-2009-0884: Yinka L. Humes MGC5311: Psychology of Violence Lecturer: Dr. Pan sy Brown 15 th November 2010 Violence is the exertion of physical force so as to injure or abuse. The word describes forceful human destruction of property or injury to persons, usually intentional, and forceful verbal and emotional abuse that harms others . The causes of violent behavior in humans are often research topics in psychology and sociology . Neurobiologist Jan Volavka emphasizes that for those purposes, "violent behavior is defined as overt and intentional physically aggressive behavior against another person." Scientists disagree on whether violence is inherent in humans. Among prehistoric humans, there is archaeological evidence for both contentions of violence and peacefulness as primary characteristics. Riane Eisler , who describes early matriarchal societies, and Walter Wink , who coined the phrase "the myth of redemptive violence," suggest s that human violence, especially as organized in groups, is a phenomenon of the last five to ten thousand years . The "violent male ape" image is often brought up in discussions of human violence. Dale Peterson and Richard Wrangham in "Demonic Males: Apes and the Origins of Human Violence" write that violence is inherent in humans. However, William L. Ury, editor of a book called "Must We Fight? From the Battlefield to the Schoolyard A New Perspective on Violent Conflict and Its Prevention" debunks the "killer ape" myth in his book which brings together discussions from two Harvard Law School symposiums. The conclusion is that "we also have lots of natural mechanisms for cooperation, to keep conflict in check, to channel aggression, and to overcome conflict. These are just as natural to us as the aggressive tendencies. " J ames Gilligan writes violence is often pursued as an antidote to shame or humiliation. The use of violence often is a source of pride and a defense of honor, especially among males who often believe violence defines manhood. Stephen Pinker in a New Republic article "The History of Violence" offers evidence that on the average the amount and cruelty of violence to humans and animals has decreased over the last few centuries . This view of a situationist , which has both influenced and been informed by a body of social-psychological research and theory, contrasts with the traditional perspective that explains evil behavior in dispositional terms: Internal determinants of antisocial behavior locate evil within individual predispositionsgenetic "bad seeds," personality traits, psychopathological risk factors, and other organismic variables. The situationist approach is to the dispositional as public health models of disease are to medical models. Following basic principles of Lewinian theory, the situationist perspective propels external determinants of behavior to the foreground, well beyond the status as merely extenuating background circumstances. Unique to this situationist approach is the use of experimental laboratory and field research to demonstrate vital phenomena that other approaches only analyze verbally or rely on archival or c orrelational data for answers. The basic pa radigm presented illustrates the relative ease with which ordinary, "good" men and women can be induced into behaving in "evil" ways by turning on or off one or another social situational variable. In religion , ethics , and philosophy , the phrase, good and evil refers to the location of objects, desires, and behaviors on a two-way spectrum , with one direction being morally positive ("good"), and the other morally negative ("evil"). "Good" is a broad concept but it typically deals with an association with life , continuity , happiness , and prosperity . Evil is more simply defined: the opposite of good. The nature of goodness has been given many treatments; one is that the good is based on the natural love , bonding, and affection that begins at the earliest stages of personal development; another is that goodness is a product of knowing truth . Evil can be defined as intentionally behaving, or causing others to act, in ways that demean, dehumanize, harm, destroy, or kill innocent people. This behaviorally focused definition makes the individual or group responsible for purposeful, motivated act ions that have a range of negative consequences for other people. The definition excludes accidental or unintended harmful outcomes, as well as the broader, generic forms of

Exercise, College Grades, and Graduation Rates

Exercise, College Grades, and Graduation Rates You already know that regular exercise is important for controlling weight and avoiding a variety of health conditions. But it can also improve your academic performance. And, if youre a distance learning student, you may miss out on some of the opportunities for physical activity afforded to more traditional students who routinely walk around campus. But it’s well worth the effort to plan for it schedule exercise into your daily regimen.   Regular Exercisers Have Higher GPAs and Graduation Rates Jim Fitzsimmons, Ed.D, director of Campus Recreation and Wellness at the University of Nevada, Reno, tells ThoughtCo, â€Å"What we know is students who exercise regularly- at least 3 times a week- at an intensity of eight times resting (7.9 METS) graduate at higher rates, and earn, on average, a full GPA point higher than their counterparts who do not exercise.† The study, published in the Journal of Medicine Science in Sports Medicine, defines physical activity as at least 20 minutes of vigorous movement (at least 3 days a week) that produces sweat and heavy breathing, or moderate movement for at least 30 minutes that doesn’t produce sweat and heavy breathing (at least 5 days a week). Think you don’t have time to exercise? Mike McKenzie, PhD, chair of Exercise Physiology Sports Medicine at Winston-Salem State University, and president-elect of the Southeast American College of Sports Medicine, tells ThoughtCo, â€Å"A group led by Dr. Jennifer Flynn investigated this during her time at Saginaw Valley State and found that students who studied over three hours per day were 3.5 times more likely to be exercisers.† And McKenzie says, â€Å"Students with a GPA above 3.5 were 3.2 times more likely to be regular exercisers than those with GPAs under 3.0.† Over a decade ago, McKenzie said researchers discovered a link between exercise, concentration, and focus in children. â€Å"A group at Oregon State led by Dr. Stewart Trost found significantly improved concentration, memory, and behavior in school-aged children compared to kids who had additional lesson time.†Ã‚   More recently, a study by Johnson Johnson Health and Wellness Solutions reveals that even short â€Å"microbursts† of physical activity throughout the day can have positive effects. Jennifer Turgiss, DrPH, vice president of Behavioral Science and Analytics at Johnson Johnson Health and Wellness Solutions, tells ThoughtCo that sitting for long periods of time – which college students are prone to do- can have a negative health effect. â€Å"However, our study found that five-minute bouts of walking every hour had a positive impact on mood, fatigue, and hunger at the end of a day,† Turgiss says.   This may be particularly beneficial to students who also work a full-time job and study in the evening and nighttime hours. â€Å"Having more mental and physical energy at the end of a day that requires a lot of sitting, such as a student’s day, can leave them with more personal resources to do other activities,† Turgiss concludes. So How Does Exercise Improve Academic Performance? In his book, Spark: The Revolutionary New Science of Exercise and the Brain, John Ratey, a Harvard professor of psychiatry, writes, â€Å"Exercise stimulates our gray matter to produce Miracle-Gro for the brain.† A study by researchers at the University of Illinois found that physical activity increased the ability of elementary school students to pay attention, and also increased their academic performance. Exercise lowers stress and anxiety while increasing focus. â€Å"Brain Derived Neurotropic Factor (BDNF) which plays a role in memory is significantly elevated after an intense bout of exercise,† according to Fitzgerald. â€Å"This is a fairly deep subject with both physiologic and psychological factors at play,† he explains. In addition to affecting a student’s cognitive skills, exercise improves academic performance in other ways. Dr. Niket Sonpal, assistant professor at Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine, tells ThoughtCo that exercise causes three human physiology and behavior changes.   1. Exercise Requires Time Management Sonpal believes that students who don’t schedule a time to exercise tend to be unstructured and also don’t schedule time to study. â€Å"That is why gym class in high school was so important; it was practice for the real world,† Sonpal says. â€Å"Scheduling personal workout time forces college students to also schedule study time and this teaches them the importance of block timing, and prioritization of their studies.† 2. Exercise Combats Stress Several studies have proven the link between exercise and stress. â€Å"Vigorous exercise a few times a week reduces your stress levels, and likely reduces cortisol, which is a stress hormone,† Sonpal says. He explains that these reductions are vitally important to college students. â€Å"Stress hormones inhibit memory production and your ability to sleep: two key things needed to score high on exams.†Ã‚   3. Exercise Induces Better Sleep Cardiovascular exercise leads to a better quality of sleep. â€Å"Better sleep means moving your studies from short term to long term memory during REM,† Sonpal says. â€Å"That way, on test day you remember that teeny tiny fact that gets you the scores you need.† It’s tempting to think you’re so busy that you can’t afford to exercise. However, the exact opposite is true: you can’t afford not to exercise. Even in you cant commit to 30-minute sessions, 5- or 10-minute spurts during the course of the day could make a significant difference in your academic performance.

Bringing Home Global Rules Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Bringing Home Global Rules - Term Paper Example As fundamental human rights and freedoms are inherent in all humankind and find expression in constitutions and legal systems throughout the world and in the international human rights instruments (Kirby, 2005), invoking international human rights law in domestic courts, therefore, merits special consideration. As Kirby write, "In most countries whose legal systems are based upon the common law, international conventions are not directly enforceable in national courts unless their provisions have been incorporated by legislation into domestic law. However, there is a growing tendency for national courts to have regard to these international norms for the purpose of deciding cases where the domestic law - whether constitutional, statute or common law - is uncertain or incomplete. While it is desirable for the norms contained in the international human rights instruments to be still more widely recognized and applied by national courts, this process must take fully into account local l aws, traditions, circumstances, and needs." There are many impediments for direct application of international human rights law, factors like state sovereignty, the dualist view on the relationship between international law and municipal law and implementing legislation. However, there has been an interesting development where jurist and human right activists are identifying themselves with a unified international community (Barak-Erez, 2004). This trans-judicial communication is seen not only in the application of international norms but also in the recourse to comparative law, particularly in the area of constitutional law.  When a treaty is ratified, although it becomes binding on Australia in international law, it does not become part of the law of Australia unless it has been given the force of law by statute (Gibbs). Except in the case of a treaty of peace, which obviously can affect the rights of enemy aliens, a treaty not incorporated by statute does not affect the rights or liabilities of Australian citizens. Although the principle has been consistently stated by courts of the highest authority, it is subject to some important qualifications. One of them was introduced by the decision of the High Court in Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v. Teoh. Ah, Hin Teoh was a Malaysian citizen living in Australia under a temporary entry permit. He was convicted of drug offenses and sentenced to six years imprisonment. His permanent entry permit was refused and it was ordered that he be deported. However, the fact that his children lived in Australia gave the case an interesting twist. The Court (McHugh J dissenting), considering the ratification of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, declared it the best interests of the children would be a primary consideration. Teoh's Case has been an example for many Federal Court deportation cases. Incidentally, it is the sole example of the pervasive effects of international law on national law. The A ustralian Constitution neither mentions international law nor the role such norms should play in the interpretive process (Williams and Hovell, 2005). While earlier drafts of the Constitution incorporated greater reference to the relationship between international treaties and the domestic legal system, these were removed from the version that was enacted.  

Strategic Position of Starbucks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Strategic Position of Starbucks - Essay Example It also includes the effect of the external market drivers on the organization and how the company has designed it the marketing strategy to ensure its long-term sustainability. Starbucks’ core competency is based on the premium positioning of its product line. The company focuses on delivering high-quality coffee beverages and snacks which includes cakes and other bakery products. Thus the company not only focuses on providing a good quality product but it also focuses on providing a unique experience to the customers. Offering a unique experience ensure the customers’ return. Starbuck’s competencies also include establishing a strong and close relationship with its suppliers. This, as a result, has helped the company to make overseas expansion and make certain strategic acquisitions. The Porters generic strategy shows how the company has devised its marketing strategy in order to stay ahead of its competition. The parent brand Starbucks is positioned in the ‘Differentiation Strategy’ because it offers high-quality speciality coffee products along with a unique experience of the store’s ambience (Pretorius, 2008). This differentiating factor distinguishes the company from its rivals. The newly introduced brand by Starbuck called VIA offers instant coffee to the customers. Thus VIA is categorized under the Cost leadership and Differentiation category (Lee, 2012). Even though VIA acts as a low-cost alternative to premium Starbucks coffee, it still differentiates itself from its rivals owing to the brand valuation of the company. The company also offers gifts and brewing items, which falls under the focused differentiation category, because these products are aimed towards the genuine coffee lovers (Lee, 2012). The likelihood of success of a firm can be assessed by the Bowman’s strategy clock. According to Faulkner and Bowman (1995), this model assesses a company’s current position and direction of progress based on eight categories.  

Is there a public sphere online Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Is there a public sphere online - Essay Example ntensive discussion about the role of the Internet in Habermas’ schema of the public sphere was launched in the early 1990s and continues up to now. The emergence and rapid development of the electronic mass media has seriously influenced the public sphere. Some of the changes that have occurred to the public sphere make many contemporary scholars question the applicability of this concept to the cyberspace. This study intends to identify the most critical limitations of the original Habermasian concept and point out the complexity and huge implications of the public sphere approach for the cyberspace. Habermas introduced the concept of the public sphere in his book, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere – An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society published in 1962. Through the book, Habermas provides a detailed historical and sociological account of what he called ‘the bourgeois public sphere’. The German term Ãâ€"ffentlichkeit (Public Sphere) the sociologist used in the original variant of his book encapsulates a wide range of different meanings, but in its essence the public sphere is a spatial concept that relates to the social sites or scenes where people create, distribute, and negotiate meanings which ultimately transform into public opinion. Habermas (1989) describes the public sphere as â€Å"†¦a network for communicating information and points of view†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p.15). However, Negt and Kluge (1993) better reflect the essence of this concept in the following definition: â€Å"The public sphere denotes specific institutions, agencies, practices; however, it is also a general social horizon of experience in which everything that is actually or seemingly relevant for all members of society is integrated. Understood in the sense, the public sphere is a matter for a handful of professionals (e.g., politicians, editors, union officials) on the one hand, but, on the other, it is something that concerns everyone and that realises itself only in

Sudanese Islamic Banking System Commerce Essay

Sudanese Islamic Banking System Commerce Essay The last thirty years have witnessed the appearance and rapid expansion of Islamic banking in Sudan as Islamic country and outside of Islamic countries. Islamic banks provide product and services that do not contravene with Islamic law and human conduct. The Islamic principles claim the Islamic banks to operate give an important role to social issues and developing economy as the hole. The history of banking in Sudan started in 1903 which the first bank operated in Sudan was the national bank of Egypt in 1903 and plays the role of central bank in Sudan up to 1956, and followed by Barclays bank in 1913. The central bank of Sudan established in February 1960, which it drive the appearance of banking in Sudan, and during the period from 1962 to 1969 a numbers of domestic banks are established, and after that followed by a numbers of foreign banks and branches were allowed to operate such as Abu-Dhabi bank in 1976 and City bank in 1978. The year 1978 had witnessed the establishment of first Islamic bank in the Sudan that was Fisal Islamic bank, marked the first step to Islamise all Sudanese banks later, after that the success of Fisal Islamic bank during this period led to appear a number of Islamic banks such as Tadamon Islamic bank, the Sudanese Islamic bank, the Islamic Cooperative development bank and Al-baraka bank, all these banks succeeded to attracting more dep ositors, and hence, more branches were opened over all stat of Sudan. In 1983 the government applied Shariah rules on all transaction that lead to Islimisation all banks and prohibited receiving or paying interest. In addition, during the period from 1985 to 1988 the new government issuing rules to open conventional banks; however it led to conflict between Islamic banks and conventional banks and this period characterised such as increase the private banks in banking market. Moreover, there are many irregularities and lack of interest by the competent authorities, causing a shake-up the Sudanese banking system has suffered and dropped, that refer to the following reasons: Firstly, has not received the decision with interest the responsible authorities and its implementation and follow-up of the Ministry of Finance and National Economy, Central Bank of Sudan and senior management of the banks at that time. Secondly, let each bank to the Islamisation of how to see without assistance and follow-up by Jurisdiction. Thirdly, the lack of staff trained and familiar with the nature of Islamic banking in the State-owned banks that have been converted to Islam about a dozen banks that any significant number. Finally, the survival of conventional bank personnel to overseeing the investment status in the main departments of investment banks branches of government. Available on Central Bank of Sudan (2010) In 1992 the new government issued a more comprehensive law which envisioned an economy-wide Islamisation of the financial system including the government sector. Now all working banks are using Islamic modes of finance in all transactions. An important development worth mentioning is the attempt being made to eliminate interest from the government sector also. This led to increase the number of banks operating on the basis of Islamic mode of finance from 6 Islamic banks in 1980 to 29 in 1997 and to 33 in 2010. Also in this period a number of banks are merged such as government banks, and some foreign banks are terminated such as City bank. It can be in this report concerning on the last twenty years to explain and describe the structure and the type of business perform by Islamic banking in Sudan, also describe the main features of Islamic banking in Sudan. Iqbal and Molyneux (2004) Characteristic and Objectives of Islamic Banking in Sudan: The main characteristic and objectives of Sudanese Islamic banking system was revolve around sex elements which are explained in the following: Firstly, Islamic finance involves a system of equity sharing and stake-taking. It works by the principle of a variable return depending on the real productivity and how well the project performs. Therefore, Islamic principle remains of equity, reward and risk sharing unlike the conventional concept. Secondly, Sudanese Islamic banking plays important role in the economy, which is to an extent a revolutionary development as it calls for new approach to the economy. Islam needs the economy; its most important monetary and business dealings, to change away from debt-based partnership to an equity based and stake taking relationship. While the   some debt-based transactions will still exist in the Islamic bank but it will be based on the principle of Quard Hason (take for special case fore specific reason and guaranteed by equal amount deposited in investment account. e. g. if some company deposit large amount in investment account for one year and after 8 months need some amount for tw o months, then will take Quard Hasan for two months based on deposit amount in the investment account because it enable the company to gain the profit for this amount for two months which it can be provide the balance of investment account as guarantee to the bank). The overall purpose of the economy will be arranged towards equity based and risk sharing. Thirdly, in the Islamic mode ethics will play a key role. The ethical and social size will be essential to all economic activities, there will exist structure of Halal (permissible) and Haram (prohibited) within which all economic activity, private and public, has to be taken in place. The ethical issue will work at different levels and therefore morals will effect to the conscience of the entrepreneur and the firm, the society, the legal structure and the supervisory of the state. However, Islamic banks activities which would be treated the capitalist in Halal productivity and avoid gambling, prostitution, the promotion of alcohol , and any Haram productivity. Therefore social and ethical will be part of the Islamic economic system, and then all bank transaction will be made based on Shariha law and Islamic norms. Fifthly, the government of Sudan encourage the Islamic banking is entrepreneurial driven to directed for all not just towards financial expansion but also towards physical expansion of economic production and services. In the Islamic economy money will not produce money; it is expected to finance talent, innovation and new ideas, skills and opportunities. Whereas, conventional banking operates predominantly on the basis of financial collateral, therefore the more money you have, the more you can get. This means that the viability of a project mainly depends on the financial worth of the borrower; meaning that low collateral can reduce the chance of getting a loan, even if the project is viable and the person has impeccable character. Whereas, in the Islamic system collateral is not ignored but it is reduced, through the trustworthiness of the person, the viability and usefulness of the project; which is more important then the financial worth of the borrower. This means in the Islamic system greater emphasise is placed on human needs such as fair distribution, equity, community and individual development. Therefore, Islamic banking is more oriented towards the community, talent and entrepreneurship in Sudan to improve the individual income as specific objective and develops GDP as general objective. Finally, the Islamic system is non-inflationary; this is a very important and fundamental aspect of Islamic banking because the rate of inflation in Sudan slightly stable during last twenty years based on developed banking sector. The linkage between financial expansion, money supply and the physical expansion of the economy is a result of the financial and banking dynamics of the current time, however, the Islamic banking and finance restores the balance between these three variab les. Stability in the value of money is a primary goal of an Islamic economy. Therefore all economic sectors are developed because Islamic banking helps to allocate resources between all sectors. Finally, provide financial services such as open accounts, transfer money, collecting checks, deposit and debit, and etc to the customers, Abdullah Hawiad (2008). The Operation ofIslamic Banks in Sudan: All Islamic banks in Sudan operate similar to conventional banks by providing three types of accounts; current accounts, saving accounts and investment accounts, in current accounts Islamic banks and conventional banks provide check book and take a fee and in saving account not take a fee and also not offer to holders of saving accounts profit but take permission of the account holder to use his funds in other business activities but this principal is guaranteed, today some banks offer saving account as current account to attractive the depositors in the market. In the investment account Sudanese Islamic bank are different from conventional and others Islamic banks in others countries by providing profit to the lender in the end of year and this profit is determined in the end of year because the banks take a money as modareb and not determine the percentage of profit because it depend on the all profit at the end of year, and also the investors agree in advance to share the profit a nd loss in a given proportion with the bank, but her the banks attractive the investors based on the percentage of profit divided to the investors in the previous year which how banks offer high percentage will gain a large amount from investors in the future. Therefore, Sudanese Islamic banks are similar to Islamic banks in any Muslim countries but the main idea in Sudanese Islamic banking structure is to in corporate the classical mudarabah into   a modern complex system in order to an interest-free banking system . The function of Sudanese Islamic bank can be explaining the structure of Islamic bank, the Islamic bank collect the funds from their investors is called Rab-al-mal, the Islamic bank is Mudareb (intermediary part or agent) which is transfer the funds to entrepreneurs based on Islamic modes of finance like murabaha, mudarabah, musharaka, bai-al-salam,muqawala, muzarah, and istisna, which the banks share the profit between the bank and the holders of investment accounts . . Magda Abdel Mohsin (2005) Structure and Size of IslamicBanking in Sudan: The remarkable change in Sudanese Islamic banking industry in the last two decades there are an improvement in the performance of Sudanese Islamic banks due to improving in the infrastructure, stable the economic policies, the best distribution of income and resource among different economic sectors and end of the civil war in Sudan. According to these factors Islamic banks in Sudan grow rapidly in terms of assets and deposits size and have maintained considerable profit level as shown by the represented balance sheets and income statements. In addition, the accounting published data show the contribution of these banks in full filling their social responsibility and in the reduction of poverty in Sudan as reflecting by the distribution of large amount of Zakah to the poor and needy people, also the government establish family banks which is specialist to provide finance to the talent, innovation and producers family. Magda Abdel Mohsin (2005). Sudanese Islamic banking structure are grouped depend on economic sectors which are any groups are specialist to provide financial service for specific sector based on specific mode or instrument of Islamic finance. However, the authorized banks operating in Sudan is 33 banks which are grouped in two types commercial banks, so it represents 83% from all banking and which are include 2 banks are state-owned banks, 21 are joint banks and 4 are foreign banks branches. The second type is specialized banks, which it represents 17% in banking sector and also involves 5 banks are state-owned banks, which include industry development bank, will offer finance to industry sectors (long-term finance), Sudanese agricultural bank, so its large bank because agriculture represent a large sector in the economy, and Savings and Social Development Bank, and Family bank which is provide finance to producers family to improve individual income. In addition, Investment Bank is joint bank and specialized to issuing Sukuk in stock market and collect funds from lenders and invest these funds by them self in investment project without lending for a third party, (i.e. sharing between public, government and foreign). Available on Sudan Financial Times (2008). Therefore Sudanese Islamic banks have mainly applied five modes of finance in their financial instruments which are Murabaha, Musharaka, Mudaraba, Salam and Muqaula, it can be explained in the following figures:- Murabaha: Murabaha is referred to particular kind of sell, where the banks   where the banks acquired the commodity and sell it to another client at profit margin or mark-up expressly disclosing to the purchaser the cost price that he has paid for the commodity. Murabaha represent the main mode of finance in Sudanese Islamic banking and all commercial banks depend on this contract in finance because it provide large profit margin for the banks in short periods therefore the central bank of Sudan restricted this mode to be invested by all banks in 30% of all their investments operations and the maximum profit margin for this mode not greater than 9% per annum. The other reason to restrict Murabaha because the need of allocate resource during all economic sectors by the central bank. Available on Central bank of Sudan policies Musharaka:Musharaka consist more than 50% of total finance because it use to finance in different sectors especially in industry sectors because it needs long term finance and also central bank take each banks option to determine the percentage and margin of Musharaka profit and sharing. Mudaraba:Mudaraba is mainly applied investment bank because it specialized to collect money from depositors and invest this funds directly without lending to third party and also investment bank specialized to issuing Sukuk in stock market because it issued based on Mudaraba only in Sudanese stock market on the other hand the central bank take the investment bank option to determine the share of Mudarib in the realized profit in the end of project investment and then the investment bank offering the depositors more profit than other commercial banks to attract more funds from investors. Other mode of finance:The other modes of finance include Salam, Muqaula and Istisna, the central bank encourages all banks to diversify the finance among different modes to reduce the risk and maximize profit. Salam is very useful mode of finance applied by agriculture bank and family bank to improve the agriculture sectors and improve the individual income and this mode of finance is supported by the central bank to finance customers without any collateral in the sectors of social and agriculture. Muqaula use to finance the real estate sectors and also istisna use to finance industry sectors this two modes of finance used by all commercial banks in Sudan, therefore, all domestic commercial banks established business units to compete the market and diversify the business and finance to maximize the profit and minimize the risk such as, Faisal Islamic bank (Sudan) established Takaful company, the real estate company and stock company to trade in Sukuk market. . Available on Sudan Fina ncial Times (2008). Foreign banks size and performance: The foreign banks represent 12% from all Sudanese Islamic banks and attractive most of export and import finance which are applying different modes of Islamic finance because Sudan are suffering from scarcity of foreign currency due to the international ban and government ideology and foreign policy. Then foreign banks in Sudan play the significant rule to develop the export and import sectors by offering finance to issuing letter of credit and letter of grantee for all international transactions therefore it will drive the foreign market because it provide finance and service at low cost. Available on central bank of Sudan. Conclusion: Today Sudanese Islamic banking sector are grow rapidly and more successful in the last twenty years and successful to improve the economy in the all sectors. In the other hand, according to the technology development all Sudanese banks are linked by network which it enable them to provide clearing house service, ATM service, Internet service and point of sale service, however, the degree of competition in banking sector is very high because some banks use the IT as barriers to block the potential banks to enter the market and use IT to compete the current market because the degree of completion increase after Sudan export petroleum and also large foreign bank need to enter banking market to finance long-term finance and compete the foreign currencies and letter of credit finance because it provide high profit to the banks. On the other side after ending the civil war and peace agreement in 2005 the central bank allowed conventional banks to start working in southern Sudan as its been mentioned in the conditions of the peace agreement but there are no literature of data available about the banks in southern Sudan because it established recently in 2008. Reference: The Central Bank of Sudan Policies, available on http://www.cbos.gov.sd/english/policies.htm   last accessed 07.04.2010. Thirty Years of Islamic Banking: History, Performance and Prospects, Munawar Iqbal and Philip Molyneux (2004). Islamic Banking System, Islamic Banking Concept, Abdullah Hawiad(2008), available on http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1283093, last accessed 08.04.2010. Magda Abdel Mohsin (2005) The Practice of Islamic Banking System in Sudan, available on http://www.sesrtcic.org/files/article/82.pdf last accessed 02.04.2010. Islamic Banking in the Sudan available on Sudan Financial Times (2008) http://www.sudanfinancialtimes.com/index.php?option=com_contenttask=viewid=166Itemid=33, last accessed 08.04.2010. Central bank polices, available on http://www.bankofsudan.org/english/backge.htm last accessed 09.04.2010. Banking and Financial Sectors, available on central bank of Sudan   http://www.bankofsudan.org/english/id_e/banks/banks.htm, last accessed 09.04.2010

Stem-Cell Research and the Media Essay -- Persuasive Argumentative Es

Stem-Cell Research and the Media      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Biomedical technology is getting much press due to the stem-cell debate.   A controversial topic in itself, with the President of the United States taking a stand on the issue for funding purposes, the topic has received even more press over the consequences resulting from President Bush's decision.   With the President's approval rating well over 80 percent since the September 11th attack, those who contest any of his decisions have been receiving feelings of anger from those who support him.   I, however, would like to take a stand and contest Bush's decision to limit the stem cell research funding.   This paper presents two articles that examine Bush's decision in different ways; one looks at the consequences from the point of view of stem cell researchers, and the other presents an avenue for the Presidential administration to defend their decision, which happens to be contradictory to their claim to be concerned with the science behind stem cell rese arch.   While the Janesville Gazette article is supposedly a defense of Bush's decision, analyzing the claims and actual behaviors of Tommy Thompson and President Bush exemplifies their weak argument.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Newsweek article by Begley (2001) conveys information about the consequences of President George W. Bush's decision to limit the federal funding for stem-cell research to the 64 colonies already in existence.   The article does not explicitly state President Bush's decision to limit the funding of the research to the current 64 colonies, but only states that the President announced, "there were scores of stem-cell colonies around the word that federally funded scientists would be allowed to study."   Begley's way of co... ...n's position, a careful analyzer can see major contradictions between his claims to use science to make the decision and his actual decision obviously not being based on science.   By also examining and article which roots itself in the people involved daily with stem cell research, and by capturing their concerns with the President's funding decision, this paper serves as a well rounded critique of Bush's stem cell research funding decision in a time when patriotism does not allow for easy critiques of the current administration.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      References   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Begley, Sharon. (2001, September 10). In search of stem cells: It turns out many of the 64 lines may be unusable.   Newsweek, p. 57.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Stem cell decision defended: Thompson" Number of developed lines mad no difference to Bush. (2001, September 7). The Janesville Gazette, pp. A1, A8.   

Human Resources Management and Its Importance Essay

The process of defining HRM leads us to two different definitions. The first definition of HRM is that it is the process of managing people in organizations in a structured and thorough manner. This covers the fields of staffing (hiring people), retention of people, pay and perks setting and management, performance management, change management and taking care of exits from the company to round off the activities. The second definition of HRM encompasses the management of people in organizations from a macro perspective i.e. managing people in the form of a collective relationship between management and employees. This approach focuses on the objectives and outcomes of the HRM function. What this means is that the HR function in contemporary organizations is concerned with the notions of people enabling, people development and a focus on making the â€Å"employment relationship† fulfilling for both the management and employees. Organizational Psychology holds that successful organizations do not owe their success solely to market realities and sustainable competitive advantages. Actually, there is a lot more. Successful companies are those that consider their human capital as their most important asset. Facts and figures are the quantitative elements of successful management, yet the qualitative, i.e. the cognitive aspects, are those that actually make or break an organization. Human Resources Management (HRM) is the strategic management of the employees, who individually and collectively contribute to the achievement of the strategic objectives of the organization. Assuming that the employees of an organization are individuals with own mental maps and perceptions, own goals and own personalities and as such they cannot be perceived as a whole, HRM holds that the organization should be able to employ both individual and group psychology in order to commit employees to the achievement of organizational goals . Aiming to enable the organization to achieve its strategic goals by attracting, retaining and developing employees, HRM functions as the link between the organization and the employees. A company should first become aware of the needs of its employees, and at a later stage, understand and evaluate these needs in order to make its employees perceive their job as a part of their personal life, and not as a routine obligation. To that end, HRM is very crucial for the whole function of an organization because it assists the organization to create loyal employees, who are ready to offer their best. The HRM activities in modern organizations are typically performed in communication with the General Management in an effort to provide a variety of views when a decision must be taken. In that way, decision making is not subject to the individual perceptions of the HR or the General Manager, but it becomes the outcome of strategic consensus. The main goals / responsibilities of HRM are: †¢ To retain low employee turnover rate by inspiring people to work for the company †¢ To attract new employees †¢ To contribute to employee development To achieve these goals, Human Resources Management trains and motivates the employees by communicating ethical policies and socially responsible behaviour to them. In doing so, it plays a significant role in clarifying the organization’s problems and providing solutions, while making employees working more efficiently. On the other hand, challenges do not cease for the HRM. Modern organizations can survive in the dynamic, competitive environment of today only if they capitalize on the full potential of each employee. Unfortunately, many companies have not understood the importance of the human capital in successful operations. The recruitment and selection of the best employees is a very difficult obligation. Even companies that are voted in the top-ten places to work at, often endure long periods of hard work to realize that human element is all an organization should care about. New challenges arise even now for the organization, and it is certain that new challenges will never cease to emerge. Therefore, the use of proper Human Resources techniques is a really powerful way for organizations to overcome these challenges, and to improve not only their quantitative goals but also their organizational culture, and their qualitative, cognitive aspects.

Free Essays on Pop Culture Vs. Religion

The conflict between pop culture and religious values is an extremely popular and often overlooked bicultural bind. In many women’s lives not recognizing this bind could be emotionally damaging and lead to living double lives. Many girls that are raised in Christian homes are not exposed to true pop culture until they reach high school. They are often sheltered from the world by their blood family and their church family. Once they are exposed to pop culture and they can start making their own decisions the line between right and wrong becomes gray to them and they fall into a trap of living one life to please their parents and then another life to fit in with their friends. When this happens they tend to lose sight of who they really are and what really makes them happy. I discovered this bicultural bind in my own life when I was a freshman in high school. For me I began modeling at the age of fourteen and I was exposed to all sorts of things that were accepted as normal in that environment, but looked upon as a sin in my home. I began to become confused and I remained confused about whom I really was and what I believed was right and wrong until only about a year ago. When I finally decided to gain control of my life and determine my own set of beliefs I began to wonder if other women have gone through the same thing. Through research I found that many women have gone through this and some are still involved in this bind. In Paula Gunn Allen’s article, â€Å"Where I Come from is Like This† she describes how Native American women are looked upon differently by American society than they are by their Native American tribe.(Allen, Course Packet) This is her bicultural bind. The bicultural bind I have researched is similar in that women are looked upon in the Christian church as being very submissive to her husband. She is there to serve him and her family and must be a classy lady, yet also conservative. This idea... Free Essays on Pop Culture Vs. Religion Free Essays on Pop Culture Vs. Religion The conflict between pop culture and religious values is an extremely popular and often overlooked bicultural bind. In many women’s lives not recognizing this bind could be emotionally damaging and lead to living double lives. Many girls that are raised in Christian homes are not exposed to true pop culture until they reach high school. They are often sheltered from the world by their blood family and their church family. Once they are exposed to pop culture and they can start making their own decisions the line between right and wrong becomes gray to them and they fall into a trap of living one life to please their parents and then another life to fit in with their friends. When this happens they tend to lose sight of who they really are and what really makes them happy. I discovered this bicultural bind in my own life when I was a freshman in high school. For me I began modeling at the age of fourteen and I was exposed to all sorts of things that were accepted as normal in that environment, but looked upon as a sin in my home. I began to become confused and I remained confused about whom I really was and what I believed was right and wrong until only about a year ago. When I finally decided to gain control of my life and determine my own set of beliefs I began to wonder if other women have gone through the same thing. Through research I found that many women have gone through this and some are still involved in this bind. In Paula Gunn Allen’s article, â€Å"Where I Come from is Like This† she describes how Native American women are looked upon differently by American society than they are by their Native American tribe.(Allen, Course Packet) This is her bicultural bind. The bicultural bind I have researched is similar in that women are looked upon in the Christian church as being very submissive to her husband. She is there to serve him and her family and must be a classy lady, yet also conservative. This idea...

What to Do If Your College Roommate Uses Your Stuff

What to Do If Your College Roommate Uses Your Stuff In college, roommates have a lot to deal with: in addition to the stress of being in school, youre squished into a space that would be incredibly tiny for one person - not to mention two (or three or four). Just because youre sharing a space, however, doesnt necessarily mean that youre sharing all of your stuff, too. As the lines begin to blur between where one persons space ends and the others begins, its not uncommon for roommates to begin sharing things. Why have two microwaves, for example, when you really need just one? While some things make sense to share, others can create conflict. If your roommate has started using your stuff in a way that you dont like, hasnt been talked about, or was previously talked about but is now being disrespected, a simple act can quickly turn into something much bigger. If your roommate is borrowing (or just plain taking!) your stuff without checking with you first, there are some questions you can ask yourself when trying to figure out what to do about the situation: How Big of an Issue Is This for You? Maybe you talked about sharing items and your roommate has disregarded the agreement you made together. How much does that bother, annoy, or anger you? Or does it make sense that he or she used your things without asking? Is it a big deal or not? Try not to think about how you think you should feel; think about how you do feel. True, some people may not care if a roommate borrows their iron, but if it bothers you, then be honest with yourself about that. Conversely, if your friends seem outraged that your roommate borrowed your clothes but you dont really mind, then know thats okay, too. Pattern or Exception Your roommate might be absolutely great and she took a little of your cereal and milk just once because she was super, super hungry late one night. Or she may take your cereal and milk two times a week and now youre just sick of it. Consider whether this is a small incident that likely wont happen again or a larger pattern that you would like stopped. Its okay to be bothered by either one, and its especially important to address any bigger issues (e.g., the pattern) if and when you confront your roommate about his or her behavior. Is It a Personal Item or Something General? Your roommate may not know that, for example, the jacket he borrowed was your grandfathers. Consequently, he may not understand why youre so upset that he borrowed it one night when it was unseasonably cold. While all of the things you brought to college matter to you, your roommate doesnt know the values you assign to everything. So, be clear on what was borrowed and why its not okay (or totally fine) for your roommate to borrow it again. What Bugs You About the Situation? You may be bothered that your roommate took something that you told him not to; you may be bothered that he did it without asking; you may be bothered that he didnt replace it; you may be bothered that he takes a lot of your stuff without checking with you first. If you can figure out what bugs you the most about your roommates use of your stuff, you can better address the real issue at hand. So sure, your roommate may have a reason for taking your last energy drink, but its harder to explain why he is constantly helping himself to the last of your things. What Resolution Do You Want? You might just want an apology or an acknowledgment that your roommate took something he or she wasnt entitled to take. Or you may want something larger, like a conversation or even a formal roommate contract about what its okay and not okay to share. Think about what you need to feel better about the situation. That way, when you do talk to your roommate (or RA), you can be focused on a larger goal instead of just feeling frustrated and like you dont have any options. How to Best Come to a Resolution Once you figure out what kind of resolution you want, its important to also figure out how you can get there. If you want an apology, youll need to talk to your roommate; if you want clearer rules in place, youll need to think about what those rules might be before starting a conversation. If you can take the time and mental energy to focus on the causes of and solutions to the problem, your roommates use of your stuff doesnt have to be anything more than a minor issue you thought about, addressed, and resolved during your time as roommates. After all, you both have much bigger things to worry about.

Budgeted Health Promotion Activity Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Budgeted Health Promotion Activity - Coursework Example Community based health promotion is the most effective away out to execute such programs. This is because; it gives community members the opportunity to change their health risk habits. It is also easy to execute, as it can be done through individual counseling, focused group discussions, leaflets distribution or local support groups. It is effective when community leaders take part in achieving the set program goals and objectives. This should be focused at culture level since it is the best predictor of health habit change. Behavior change starts at an individual level but, its effectiveness will be realized at community level. Those with information should be able to disseminate the same information to those who do not have it. This can be achieved through community discussion forums need to be organized on a regular basis. Their main theme will be making people practice healthy choices. To ensure that there is overwhelming support toward the newly initiated programs; the communit y should be involved in the planning and implementation phases of the project. The community needs to be enlightened that healthy practices are the key to disease prevention, disability and death. This should involve encouraging people to adopt lifestyles that are beneficial to their well-being, while trying to abandon those lifestyles which make them vulnerable to sickness. Table of fixed, variable, controllable and unrecoverable expenses Fixed expenses Amount ($) Staff Salaries Rent Consultants costs Insurance cover for employees Variable expenses Fuel costs Car Maintenance costs Space and equipment hiring fee Materials Delivery costs Controllable expenses Program curriculum materials Program publicity materials Training of program facilitators Postages costs Unrecoverable expenses Equipment Packaging costs Material Shipping costs Travel costs Material Storage costs Cost-benefit analysis By definition, cost benefit analysis refers to as the act of comparing the cost of setting up a project or a program with the expected outcome. This technique help in making decision on whether to take up a new opportunity or make a change on an ongoing project or programmed. It simply entails summing up the benefits of an intended course and subtracting related costs (Brent, 2009). According to Brent (2009), the most accurate and best common unit of measuring cost benefit analysis is the money value. Despite the fact that at times it becomes difficult to evaluate some services in terms of money, it still remains to be the standard unit of comparison between costs and benefits in any project or program. For this case, the money aspect comes in particularly when the beneficiary access the opportunity of getting free counseling on sexually transmitted infections and even treatment before being circumcised. This would mean they will use this money in solving other day to day problems that they might encounter. The project has several benefits, this range from job creation to re duction in the rate of prevalent rates of HIV/AIDS in the intended area. The reduction in the prevalent rates of the disease might be a long term benefit, which will be realized after a substantial duration of time. For instance, the most immediate benefit is job creation, where the locals will get job opportunities as, project facilitators, monitoring and

Business Synoptic FA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Business Synoptic FA - Essay Example On the other hand, accounting for decision making is that aspect of a company in which a business firm takes strategic perspectives and decides on issues related to its successful operation. This following model is developed for determining a relationship between strategic management and accounting for decision making with the perspective of the case study of Nestle. The aspects based on the linkage between two modules are as follows: For understanding the model precisely, it is essential to review certain aspects of strategic management. In this paragraph the concepts of strategic management will be discussed. There are certain key activities in a process of strategic management that has been found to be relevant in the perspective of Nestle’s actions towards strategy formulation. The first activity deals with a situation analysis of organisational environment that includes operational activities of the company, inclusive of internal resources along with stakeholders. The sec ond important activity deals with establishment of strategic direction. The strategic direction is reflected in vision and mission statements of the organisation. Based on the analysis of situation and review of the organisation’s vision and mission, certain specific strategies are formulated. The strategies are formulated with respect to ultimate objectives of the organisation. ... Another module, accounting for decision making is also needs to be taken up for understanding the model. In this paragraph, the concept of accounting for decision making relevant to the development of the model will be discussed. The foremost activity that Nestle has taken prior to deciding on the entry strategy in emerging markets is related to clarification of decision problem. The decision problem is highly related to strategic alternatives selected for strategic management. The selection of alternatives is based on decision problem and is directly related to the perspectives of strategic management. Development of decision model is undertaken with the objective of selecting one best alternative. The decision model is crucial for collection of data and by analysing the collected data one best alternative is chosen (Accounting Education, 2011). The relationship between the two modules, strategic management and accounting for decision making will be presented through discussion in t his paragraph. In developing the relationship between concepts of two modules with respect to decision making in Nestle case study, certain important aspects of the case have to be taken into account. Nestle has to build up a comprehensive decision model that would satisfy its objectives. In the above model, relationship between concepts of two modules has been presented, which is relevant for the successful functioning of the organisation. Steps followed in the strategic management are crucially related towards development of decision model. On the basis of the model developed, ultimate single alternative can be chosen. The relationship between

Homeless Veterans Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Homeless Veterans - Essay Example To save the veteran homelessness, everybody has to join hands. Being in the army is no easy job, and everybody of us knows the implications of such a dangerous profession. Dealing with stressful situations on the battle field and experiencing one of the worst kinds of human slaughter, the thought of war brings with it grisly images for the veterans even when they have returned home. Almost every one of the army men faces extreme depression and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) once their numbness begins to lift. For some war veterans it has even taken a decade before the effects of the war have emerged plunging them into complete darkness. This is helped by little or no support from the government which even though has made independent organizations such as the U.S. Department of the Veteran Affairs (VA) but no real improvements can be observed on ground. This fact is further supported by the figures given by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development that on a single n ight in the United States at least 62,619 war veterans are homeless and living on streets or in shelters (National Coalition for Homeless Veterans). Another 1.4 million veterans are suspected on the verge of homelessness due to various reasons. Is that how we return our services to people who had once served us? If the issue of fixing homelessness for war veterans is not treated as a grave emergency, things can be safely assumed as getting out of control. Though the VA argues on successfully providing shelter, medication and other services to the war veterans, which is even true to some extent, but the number of veterans still homeless indicates huge loopholes. Once the US troops in Afghanistan start returning home, will they as well be welcomed by similar homelessness? Taken the fact that the VA could not get the 62,619 war veterans off the road, little hope can we have for the 63,000 troops. The matter to address veteran homelessness is also barred by political circumstances. Some of the confidential Pentagon reports have suggested that the United States has no intention of evacuating all of its troops from Afghanistan as soon as 2014; it intends to stay much longer. However, even if we expect a fourth section of soldiers from our army, they easily exceed the number that is already homeless. Thus solutions covering a much wider ground are needed to not just home the existing war veterans but any of the future ones as well. To reduce veteran homelessness an array of measures will have to be taken. An organization or two supported by another few cannot alone fight the consequences of such a grave matter. Veterans do not just need shelter but immense psychological and physical support, taken their horrendous experiences at the battlefield. Most of these men have faced extremely unpleasant situations – after all a war has nothing pleasant to it – and as a result they are at a very high risk of developing psychological disorders. Though people argue that families should be responsible for the health of the veterans once they return, they fail to recognize the fact that many of these ex-soldiers have severed ties with their families after the long time-period spent abroad. We have clear evidences of wives leaving their veteran husbands for other guys since their husbands could not provide for them. As veterans find it difficult to acquire jobs after their services in the army,

Electronic Industry in Asean Essay Example for Free

Electronic Industry in Asean Essay Several factors make electronics a leading industry in South East Asia: 1. Possibilities of application – greatly impact the growth of economy and society of one particular country 2. The drop in the prices of important hardware Electronic industry is divided into two main category: industrial electronics and consumer electronics. Industrial electronics: 1. Servers 2. Telecommunications 3. Robots Consumer electronics: 1. Radios 2. TVs 3. Video, Music Media Players 4. Cell Phones 5. Tablet PCs and Laptops Risk in Electronics Industry mainly in high obsolescence (limited product life-cycle). Electronics production in ASEAN is mainly in the field of consumer products and components. The industry underwent considerable growth in 1970s and Singapore, Malaysia, and Philippines had become important production bases. Main reasons that contribute development of electronic industry in ASEAN, from 1960s to 1980s: 1. Import Substitution Starting from 1960s to 1980s there were many import bans (protective barriers) for consumers in ASEAN countries. This also includes electronic products such as Televisions (BW and Color), Audio Stereo and Radio Cassette. Hence, Japanese corporations like Sony and Toshiba started to setup production plants, namely in Singapore and Malaysia in the early history of electronic industry in ASEAN. 2. Competition between Japanese States manufacturers. Earlier, due to quality control reasons, American manufacturers such as GoldStar (now bought over by LG) were reluctant to relocate their production plant to Asia. However, due decreasing component cost (especially production of electronic diode and cathode ray – important components for TVs at that time) from ASEAN Countries, they decided to create new plants in ASEAN – as a result, more schools in ASEAN are starting to open basic electronic education (unique opportunity for technology and knowledge transfer for ASEAN countries) 3. Changing in Industrial Policies The most pronounced change happened in Singapore after breaking up with the Federation of Malaysia in 1965. EDB was formed with the mission to find investors from US and Europe. Within 3 years, Singapore became the largest semi-conductor assembly in Asia. Electronic industry employed 2,400 people in 1968 to 35,000 in 1976 and 60,000 in 1984. In Malaysia, there was a New Economic Policy. Electronic industry was given a priority status – tax exemption was given in the first 7 years of business. Since Malaysia had more manpower as compared to Singapore, it took over the leading position in 1985 (General Electric employed 38,000 labour in West and East Malaysia). In Thailand, more and more citizens were exposed to Television and Radios. Hence, export of electronic goods represented up to 13% of annual exported products. In Indonesia, export-processing zone was opened in North Jakarta, however the ‘boom’ was not as huge as garment production over that period of time. 4. The growing demand for computer related equipment More government and private offices required Personal Computer and its equipment such as disk drives. Interestingly, contrary to popular belief, low wages alone do not create comparative advantage. In fact, countries that earned major foreign investments were Singapore and Malaysia, where wages, still are the highest in the region. In our findings, we believe that infrastructural environment in terms of transport telecommunications played an important role. In addition, political stability and industrial environments in terms of supporting firms in plastics, machinery, as well as the quality of manpower were crucial for the offshore production of new electronic products such as micro and minicomputers.

Wide Area Networks, Observer Management and Monitoring Tools

Wide Area Networks, Observer Management and Monitoring Tools Abstract In this report the concepts of different network management principles will be explored with a view to demonstrating how Observer manages wide area networks. The report will explore the issues with WAN and how Observer overcomes these problems. Introduction Wide area networks are becoming far more complex and far wider spread than ever before, this of course leads to some big problems for the network managers of these large scale networks. Most of these networks are huge in size and can easily encompass an entire city, whereas most of them are transcontinental. This poses the first of many problems for a network manager, they may not be in the same continent as a large proportion of their network. This makes the use of network management software essential, such as Observer. Using network management software means the network manager would not have to leave their desk to find any fault in the network whether it was in the next room or half way across the globe. Literary Review The most useful literary text the author found was from the new owners of Observer, the software used in this report. The new owners ViaviSolutions have published a white paper on using   Observer Analyser, their latest version of the observer suite as a security tool. (anon, 2014) The journal by Liu et al. (2014) provided a lot of insight into where wide area networks are going, and their optimisation. It contains interesting formulae for network optimisation using the Gauss-Newton method of nonlinear least squares. This principally agrees with the first text in this review about the nature and make up of a wide area network. Ahmed Boutaba, (2014) goes on to agree in part with the rest of the journals about the nature of a WAN but goes on to discuss the fact that traditional controllers can cause bottle necks in the network and that opting for SDN (Software Defined Network) allows for a faster network and a higher level of quality overall. Ahmedi Mitrevski, (2014) looks at possibly the only real area of disagreement with regards to WANs and that is how much they cost. The relative cost of implementing and the monthly upkeep of a network seems to be the only area where professionals disagree about these networks. Anon (2008). This seminar outlined the principles of network management that are considered as industry standard. Cahn, (1998). This journal looks at the design of WANs and their benefits, and this also agrees with the principles outlined in the previous articles mentioned, including the ambiguous nature of the costing of a network. It outlines there are only three important numbers when considering a WAN, these are the cost, either monthly up keep, total set up cost or a mixture of both, the reliability and the response times, and goes on to say these are all directly proportional to each other, as in if you reduce the amount of money spent the response time goes up which brings the reliability down. Dian Septama et al., (2015). In this journal there is lots of information regarding providing a high quality of service, one of the main areas a network manager faces the biggest struggles and can cause the biggest issues aside from security. Feng et al.,( 2014) this journal explores the real world application of a WAN and covers the issues in using traditional methods against new technologies which are opting for more automation and utilising programs and algorithms to manage the trivial day-to-day running of a network which frees up the human element to focus their time on more important tasks. Geer,( 2013)this journal focuses more on the security and current state of the internet, but in essence the internet is just a very large WAN and so its management and security are relevant here (Langer et al., 2010) this journal uses the example of a healthcare organisation utilising the fast and secure delivery methods of a WAN to transport confidential patient files and details across the WAN to remote geographical locations, the main example used is radiology images. These are now digital images and are large in size due to the resolutions required to accurately use them for medical diagnosis. Malhotra et al., (2011) this journal replicates closely the experiment that was carried out by the author of this report, the main differences are this journal experiments with a LAN and uses OPNET to generate the usage. Shin et al., (2007) this journal agrees with Ahmed Boutaba, (2014) and Feng et al.,( 2014) in so much as they state that a network should be monitored and managed by an algorithm based on the existing SNMP framework. Tiropanis et al., (2015)this journal explores the development of networks and their respective sciences and how these have evolved, specifically into internet science and web science. And how each of these areas are evolving in their own areas and how each of them has an impact on the others. Travostino et al., (2006) this journal outlines another real world application of WANs for the distribution of virtual machines and how they can be utilised to compute large tasks aver the network instead of only using local resources. Wang et al., (2014) this journal documents an experiment into the future of how security of a WAN could be implemented. It outlays an idea of sending the authentication key across the network securely but not via mathematical encoding to deter eavesdroppers but by quantum physics. The system uses high frequency lasers beamed down fibre optic cables which are encoded by the transmitter and then decoded by a receiver, the encryption is encoded into the specific frequency of the lasers architecture and photon length. Each transmitter and receiver contain sophisticated monitoring circuitry which monitor the incoming traffic and actively scan for Trojan horse photons from the channel. Observer and wide area networks For the purposes of this report the author created a simulated WAN to utilise the software Observer to implement network management. The network simulated three terminals situated in three cities around the world. The console was simulated as being in London, one was in Paris and the other was in New York Fig 1: Showing Simulated Geographical Location of Console (Circled) Fig 2: Showing Simulated Geographical Location of Second PC (Circled) Fig 3: Showing Simulated Geographical Location of Third PC (Circled) Once the author had set up the WAN they opened Observer on each of the machines connected to the virtual WAN. The machine simulated as London was selected as the machine to be the console for the purpose of managing the network and so was configured to collate the data generated by the network. The other two machines utilised the inbuilt traffic generation tool in Observer. Although the software produces traffic this is of a CBR style and so the data received is evidently simulated but for the purpose of this report this is acceptable. The traffic generator in Observer comes with a plethora of options. The default option sends a small group of packets through on a broadcast channel (ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff) the author altered this setting to generate the top talkers and pair matrix graphs as on a broadcast channel all the traffic appeared to be generating and received by the switchs MAC address which wasnt the case. The size of the packet and the transmission length were also altered to gi ve a larger test sample. The author also tried to generate random traffic which is one of the options but this seemed to have no effect on the traffic generated as it was constant bit rate style simulation traffic. Fig 4: observer running on first PC (Simulated location Paris) Fig 5: Observer running on third PC (simulated location New York) Fig 6: Traffic Generation on second PC (Paris) Fig 7: Traffic Generation on third PC (New York) On the console PC observer was running several of its functonal windows, first of which was the top talkers windows. This window is utilised to identify the staations on the network with the highest traffic volumes. This is particularly usefull from a management perspective as to monitor the personality of the network in order to maintain smooth operation, and identify potential security threats. (Anon, 2016) the top talkers screen provides a huge amount of information about the different stations attached to the network, including the amount of traffic generated and received by the node in both packets and bytes, its MAC address, its IP address . From this screen the network manager can monitor all the nodes on the network and diagnose issues as they happen. If a node suddenly starts generating large amounts of traffic for no apparent reason the network manager can have observer set up an alert and even have it send a SMS message or email reporting the issue. This ensures the networ k manager can stay on top of all aspects of the network regardless of time or location. If any issues arise the network manager can deploy a resource from the technical team to resolve the problem swiftly so as not to impact upon the quality of service. Fig 8: Observer Top Talkers window with Paris PC selected Fig 9: Observer Top Talkers window with New York PC selected Looking at the top talkers window identifies that the two Traffic generating PCs were indeed the ones with the heaviest traffic flow, followed by the swiches and hub that connected them all together. A network manager looking at this screen can monitor all machines connected to the network regardless of geographical location, even wireless connections are shown and can be monitored. (Liu et al., 2014) Another window on the console pc is the paired matrix screen. With this tool the network manage can monitor the pathways the network traffic is taking on the network. Through this analysis the network manager can optimise the network through routing manipulation. If a particular router is getting the brunt of the network traffic a second router can be installed to share the traffic burden and reduce the utilisation of the initial router and theoretically improve the quality of service. (Anon, 2016), (Anon, 2008) Fig 10: the Pair Matrix window showing traffic from the Paris PC the the New York pc and then to conslolePC Fig 11: Paris and New York PCs traffic going straight to Consloe PC The final tool used by the author is the packet capture window. The first attempts at packet capture by the author demonstrated the need for checking the settings thouroughly as the buffer for capture was very small and so the captured line on the graph was tiny to start with untill this was increased by the author. After increasing the buffer size the graphs look much better and the data far more usable. After increaseing the buffer hugely the traffic was restarted and the capture began again. The packet capture showed the traffic being generated as it monitors all traffic on the network, but will only capture a certain amount for analysis. Fig 12: Packet Capture window showing the current traffic on the network (yellow line shows packets captured, blue line is total packets on network) Fig 13: Packet cature after buffer increased Fig 14: Dialogue box from Observer detailing total packets and ability to save the range for later reference Through the packet capture the network manager can observe the networks personality again to monitor for threats and general maintenance of the network. (Anon, 2016) Results After running the experiment the data collected showed exactly how powerful the observer tool can be, although there was only three machines the scope of observers abilities is evident and can easily be imagined for a network of three thousand machines. The interface can be de-cluttered to show only relevant information so the network manager wouldnt get bogged down with an information overload. Looking at the paired matrix graphs there are several lines on the screen all of which are communiquà ©s between nodes on the network, not all of these are PCs most of them are routers and switches along which the WAN is established. The thickness of each line denotes the amount of traffic it has dealt with. These lines show both incoming and outgoing traffic and the lines connect the source to its destination address. The labels are a combination of the assigned name, normally the name assigned in the NIC and its MAC address EG. Broadcom[5A:7C:09] the label for the console PC. As shown in fig 11 the packets do not have to be routed to or even through the console PC for Observer to pick the packets up and display them. The data collected from the packet capture can be used to manually calculate the utilisation of the network, although this can also be worked out by Observer automatically. The packet capture screen is in a graph format with time across the bottom and the amount of packets per second up the side. There are three coloured lines on the graph blue which denotes the total packets on the network, yellow which are the packets captured by Observer and red which denotes the amount of dropped packets. In the data captured there were no dropped packets, and a peak of approximately 500 packets per second. This flow rate lasts for five minutes with no dropped packets, showing the networks utilisation was within acceptable ranges. if there had been dropped packets it would show that the network was working too hard and there for would mean it had a high utilisation and would prompt the network manager to address the utilisation, and to optimise the efficiency of the network. Looking at the top talkers table in fig 9, in this data it is evident which nodes on the network receive the most and also which transmit the most. This information is highly important to the network manager as these are essential to the security and effective maintenance of the network. For example if there was an employee using the companys network to watch movies on their workstation the network manager would see within Observer a radical change to the stoichiometry of the network and its personality would change. Once this change had been brought to the network managers attention they could look on Observer at the top talkers and paired matrix charts and identify which terminal was using an abnormal amount of the networks bandwidth and then take action against the offending party in line with the companys IT policy. Conclusion This report has looked at the management techniques used in applying wide area networks, their future, their application in the real world and their design and deployment, it is the opinion of the author that the general consensus is that the IT community seem to be in agreement about most concepts of wide area networks, apart from the cost of them, and how to control them. Although the majority of newer reports (Shin et al., 2007), (Ahmed Boutaba, 2014), and (Feng et al., 2014) are swayed towards having the majority of the control handed over to algorithms and evolution programs, there is also still call for there to be a human element to be involved in the management process.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   After looking through the papers used in the research for this report it is the opinion of the author that the application of a well managed WAN is far more beneficial than any other communication option, considering the internet is in reality just a huge WAN its self, a WAN can run everythi ng in a business or academic environment, from physical security like door locks and fire alarms through to phones (Dian Septama et al., 2015) and lighting, there are even applications to control environmental conditions. With the introduction of automated network managers, the buildings air conditioning could be being controlled by a computer thousands of miles away. With the development of encrypted laser communications utilised in QKD making networks virtually completely secure the control of more sensitive systems may fall under the control of larger WANs and possibly a large central, global WAN to control all the mundane systems around the globe. To conclude this report the author believes in view of the huge advances in using automated network management options and the amount of non communications based areas controlled by nodes on the network, coupled with the advancements made in artificial intelligence the role of the human network manager could become extinct as we know it. The role could progress to either being an overseer of the AI or completely redundant altogether. Bibliography Ahmed, R. Boutaba, R. (2014) Design considerations for managing wide area software defined networks. IEEE Commun. Mag., 52 (7), pp.116-123. Ahmedi, B. Mitrevski, P. (2014) On The Development of Methodology for Planning and Cost-Modeling of A Wide Area Network. IJCNC, 6 (3), pp.71-90. Anon (2008) 10th IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium (NOMS2008). IEICE Communications Society Magazine, 2008 (7), pp.7_12-7_15. Anon (2014) USING A NETWORK ANALYZER AS A SECURITY TOOL. 1st ed. Minnetonka. Available from: [Accessed 17 December 2015]. Cahn, R. (1998) Wide area network design. San Francisco, Calif., Morgan Kaufmann. Dian Septama, H., Ulvan, A., Hlavacek, J. Bestak, R. (2015) High Available VoIP Server Failover Mechanism in Wide Area Network. TELKOMNIKA (Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control), 13 (2), p.739. Feng, Y., Cui, D., Li, Y., Zhang, J. Li, J. (2014) Contrasting Meteorological Wide-Area Networks and Evolutionary Programming. AMM, 687-691, pp.2557-2560. Geer, D. (2013) Resolved. Communications of the ACM, 56 (6), p.48. Langer, S., French, T. Segovis, C. (2010) TCP/IP Optimization over Wide Area Networks: Implications for Teleradiology. Journal of Digital Imaging, 24 (2), pp.314-321. Liu, L., Ling, Q. Han, Z. (2014) Decentralized Gauss-Newton method for nonlinear least squares on wide area network. IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng., 67, p.012021. Malhotra, R., Gupta, V. K. Bansal, R. (2011) Simulation and Performance Analysis of Wired and Wireless Computer Networks. International Journal of Computer Applications, 14 (7), pp.11-17. Shin, K., Jung, J., Cheon, J. Choi, S. (2007) Real-time network monitoring scheme based on SNMP for dynamic information. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 30 (1), pp.331-353. Tiropanis, T., Hall, W., Crowcroft, J., Contractor, N. Tassiulas, L. (2015) Network science, web science, and internet science. Communications of the ACM, 58 (8), pp.76-82. Travostino, F., Daspit, P., Gommans, L., Jog, C., de Laat, C., Mambretti, J., Monga, I., van Oudenaarde, B., Raghunath, S. Yonghui Wang, P. (2006) Seamless live migration of virtual machines over the MAN/WAN. Future Generation Computer Systems, 22 (8), pp.901-907. Wang, S., Chen, W., Yin, Z., Li, H., He, D., Li, Y., Zhou, Z., Song, X., Li, F., Wang, D., Chen, H., Han, Y., Huang, J., Guo, J., Hao, P., Li, M., Zhang, C., Liu, D., Liang, W., Miao, C., Wu, P., Guo, G. Han, Z. (2014) Field and long-term demonstration of a wide area quantum key distribution network. Opt. Express, 22 (18), p.21739.